格网尺度下延安市生态服务价值时空演变格局与分异特征——基于退耕还林工程的实施背景
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摘要
在退耕还林工程背景下,以退耕还林实施后生态效果较显著的延安市为研究对象,基于解译的三期影像数据,通过土地利用转移矩阵,在2 km×2 km的格网尺度下测算延安市不同土地利用类型的生态服务价值(ESV),并结合空间探索性数据分析,探讨ESV的不同土地利用类型转移的时间变化特征及空间转移的关联性和异质性。延安市的实证分析显示:(1)1990-2015年间,ESV的增减主要发生在耕地、林地和草地之间,林地和草地ESV合计转入21.29亿元,且转入量主要发生在退耕还林工程实施之后;(2)生态服务功能主要由林地和草地提供,ESV的时间变化经历了先下降后上升的过程,退耕还林工程的实施促进ESV的增长,2001-2015年间增长了5.34%;(3)空间探索性分析显示,ESV在格网尺度下呈现出显著的"南高北低"分布格局,并在空间上表现出正向的集聚性和依存性,ESV的高高集聚和低低集聚效果比较明显,并且高高集聚区与林地、草地的空间分布相吻合,低低集聚区与耕地、城乡建设用地的空间分布相吻合。整体而言,延安市土地利用类型转移和ESV的增减变化与推行退耕还林工程在时间上呼应、在空间上匹配,政府主导的退耕还林工程对生态环境恢复与保护起到显著的积极作用。因此,对于不同土地利用类型的生态服务功能,以耕地为主的北部地区应在基本农田保护制度基础上,注重农业生产与生态效益平衡,而林草资源丰富的南部地区则继续发挥生态屏障的调节作用。
Under the background of Sloping Land Conversion Program(SLCP), this study explores the temporal variation characteristics and the correlation and heterogeneity of spatial transfer of the ecological service value(ESV) for different land use types of Yan'an, a city with remarkable ecological improvement after the SCLP. To achieve this goal, the ESV of different land use types at a grid scale of 2 km × 2 km is calculated using land use transfer matrix achieved from the interpreted image data of three periods and exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA). The results show that:(1) From 1990-2015, the increase(decrease) of ESV mainly occurred between arable lands, forests and grasslands, and the total ESV increased from forests and grassland was 2.129 billion yuan, the amount of transfer-in mainly occurred after the implementation of the SLCP;(2) The ecological service function was mainly provided by forestland and grassland, the ESV experienced a process of descending and then increasing from the temporal perspective, and the implementation of SLCP promoted the growth of ESV with an increase of 5.34% during 2001-2015;(3) The ESDA shows that, the ESV has a significant distribution of "high in the south, while low in the north" pattern at the grid scale which expresses positively spatial agglomeration and dependence, and it is obvious that the high-high aggregation area accorded with the spatial distribution of forestland and grassland whereas the low-low aggregation area accorded with that of farmland and construction land.Overall, the transfer of land use types and the changes of ESV in Yan'an city coincided with the implementation of SLCP temporally and spatially, which indicates that the SLCP, a government-dominated project, had a significantly positive effect on the restoration and protection of ecological environment. Therefore, with regard to the ecological service function of different land use types, the northern part of the study area with a large amount of cultivated land should pay attention to the balance between agricultural production and ecological benefits based on the basic farmland protection system, while the southern part with abundant forestland and grassland should continue to play a critical role in the regulation function of ecological barrier.
Under the background of Sloping Land Conversion Program(SLCP), this study explores the temporal variation characteristics and the correlation and heterogeneity of spatial transfer of the ecological service value(ESV) for different land use types of Yan'an, a city with remarkable ecological improvement after the SCLP. To achieve this goal, the ESV of different land use types at a grid scale of 2 km × 2 km is calculated using land use transfer matrix achieved from the interpreted image data of three periods and exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA). The results show that:(1) From 1990-2015, the increase(decrease) of ESV mainly occurred between arable lands, forests and grasslands, and the total ESV increased from forests and grassland was 2.129 billion yuan, the amount of transfer-in mainly occurred after the implementation of the SLCP;(2) The ecological service function was mainly provided by forestland and grassland, the ESV experienced a process of descending and then increasing from the temporal perspective, and the implementation of SLCP promoted the growth of ESV with an increase of 5.34% during 2001-2015;(3) The ESDA shows that, the ESV has a significant distribution of "high in the south, while low in the north" pattern at the grid scale which expresses positively spatial agglomeration and dependence, and it is obvious that the high-high aggregation area accorded with the spatial distribution of forestland and grassland whereas the low-low aggregation area accorded with that of farmland and construction land.Overall, the transfer of land use types and the changes of ESV in Yan'an city coincided with the implementation of SLCP temporally and spatially, which indicates that the SLCP, a government-dominated project, had a significantly positive effect on the restoration and protection of ecological environment. Therefore, with regard to the ecological service function of different land use types, the northern part of the study area with a large amount of cultivated land should pay attention to the balance between agricultural production and ecological benefits based on the basic farmland protection system, while the southern part with abundant forestland and grassland should continue to play a critical role in the regulation function of ecological barrier.
引文
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[11]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,等.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进.自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.[XIE G D,ZHANG C X,ZHANG L M,et al.Improvement of the evaluation method for ecosystem service value based on per unit area.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(8):1243-1254.]
[12]王科明,石惠春,周伟,等.干旱地区土地利用结构变化与生态服务价值的关系研究:以酒泉市为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(3):124-128.[WANG K M,SHI H C,ZHOU W,et al.Study on the relationship between land-use structure change and ecological services value in the arid inland basin area:A case study of Jiuquan.China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(3):124-128.]
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[14]蒋晶,田光进.1988年至2005年北京生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应.资源科学,2010,32(7):1407-1416.[JI-ANG J,TIAN G J.Responses of ecosystem service value to land use change in Beijing from 1998 to 2005.Resources Science,2010,32(7):1407-1416.]
[15]荣益,李超,许策,等.城镇化过程中生态系统服务价值变化及人类活动影响的空间分异:以黄骅市为例.生态学杂志,2017,36(5):1374-1381.[RONG Y,LI C,XU C,et al.Ecosystem service values and spatial differentiation changes during urbanization:A case study of Huanghua city.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(5):1374-1381.]
[16]陈彧.湖北省土地生态服务价值时空分异及驱动因素研究.武汉:中国地质大学,2015.[CHEN Y.Study on spatialtemporal differentiation of land ecosystem service value and the driving factors in Hubei province.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,2015.]
[17]李露然.基于格网GIS的生态系统服务价值时空变化研究.上海:上海师范大学,2015.[LI L R.The research of ecosystem service value temporal and spatial change based on Grid GIS Method:A case study in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve.Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University,2015.]
[18]唐秀美,刘玉,刘新卫,等.基于格网尺度的区域生态系统服务价值估算与分析.农业机械学报,2017,48(4):149-153,205.[TANG X M,LIU Y,LIU X W,et al.Estimation and analysis of ecosystem service value based on grid scale.Transactions of the CSAM,2017,48(4):149-153,205.]
[19]李建春,袁文华.基于GIS格网模型的银川市土地生态安全评价研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(6):988-1001.[LI JC,YUAN W H.Assessment of urban land ecological security in Yinchuan city based on the grid method.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(6):988-1001.]
[20]马骏,马朋,李昌晓,等.基于土地利用的三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统服务价值时空变化.林业科学,2014,50(5):17-26.[MA J,MA P,LI C X,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of ecosystem service value in the Three Gorges Reservoir region(Chongqing Section)based on land use.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2014,50(5):17-26.]
[21]刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局.地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.[LIU J Y,KUANG W H,ZHANG Z X,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.]
[22]国家发展和改革委员会价格司.全国农产品成本收益汇编(1991-2016).北京:中国统计出版社,1991-2016.[The Price Department of the State Development and Reform Commission of China.National Agricultural Products Cost Return Assembly.Beijing:China Statistics Press,1991-2016.]
[23]韩东薇.基于GIS的富裕县土地生态系统服务价值研究.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.[HAN D W.Study on the service value of land ecosystems in Fuyu county based on GIS.Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2016.]
[24]马晓熠,裴韬.基于探索性空间数据分析方法的北京市区域经济差异.地理科学进展,2010,29(12):1555-1561.[MA X Y,PEI T.Exploratory spatial data analysis of regional economic disparities in Beijing during 2001-2007.Progress in Geography,2010,29(12):1555-1561.]
[25]蒲英霞,葛莹,马荣华,等.基于ESDA的区域经济空间差异分析:以江苏省为例.地理研究,2005,24(6):965-974.[PU Y X,GE Y,MA R H,et al.Analyzing regional economic disparities based on ESDA.Geographical Research,2005,24(6):965-974.]
[26]ANSELIN L.Local Indicators of spatial association:LISA.Geographical Analysis,1995,27(2):93-115.
[2]李云生,周广金,梁涛,等.巢湖流域的土地利用变化及其生态系统功能损益.地理研究,2009,28(6):1656-1664.[LIY S,ZHOU G J,LIANG T,et al.Study of land use change on the gains and losses of ecosystem service function values of Chaohu Lake Basin.Geographical Research,2009,28(6):1656-1664.]
[3]COSTANZA R,D'ARGE R,DE GROOT R S,et al.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital.Nature,1997,387:253-260.
[4]DAILY G C.Nature's Service1:Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems.Washington D C:Island Press,1997.
[5]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,1999,19(5):19-25.[OUYANG Z Y,WANG X K,MIAO H.A primary study on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem services and their ecologicaleconomic values.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(5):19-25.]
[6]谢高地,张钇锂,鲁春霞,等.中国自然草地生态系统服务价值.自然资源学报,2001,16(1):47-53.[XIE G D,ZHANG Y L,LU C X,et al.Study on valuation of rangeland ecosystem services of China.Journal of Natural Resources,2001,16(1):47-53.]
[7]JAN P S,LUKE B,JOACHIM M,et al.Mapping ecosystem services'values:Current practice and prospects.Social Science Electronic Publishing,2012,4:33-46.
[8]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估.自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196.[XIE G D,LU C X,LENG Y F,et al.Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):189-196.]
[9]ROESCH-MCNALLY G E,RABOTYAGOV S S.Paying for forest ecosystem services:Voluntary versus mandatory payments.Environmental Management,2016,57:585-600.
[10]谢高地,甄霖,鲁春霞,等.一个基于专家知识的生态系统服务价值化方法.自然资源学报,2008,23(5):911-919.[XIE G D,ZHEN L,LU C X,et al.Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China.Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(5):911-919.]
[11]谢高地,张彩霞,张雷明,等.基于单位面积价值当量因子的生态系统服务价值化方法改进.自然资源学报,2015,30(8):1243-1254.[XIE G D,ZHANG C X,ZHANG L M,et al.Improvement of the evaluation method for ecosystem service value based on per unit area.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(8):1243-1254.]
[12]王科明,石惠春,周伟,等.干旱地区土地利用结构变化与生态服务价值的关系研究:以酒泉市为例.中国人口·资源与环境,2011,21(3):124-128.[WANG K M,SHI H C,ZHOU W,et al.Study on the relationship between land-use structure change and ecological services value in the arid inland basin area:A case study of Jiuquan.China Population,Resources and Environment,2011,21(3):124-128.]
[13]王航,秦奋,朱筠,等.土地利用及景观格局演变对生态系统服务价值的影响.生态学报,2017,37(4):1286-1296.[WANG H,QIN F,ZHU Y,et al.The effects of land use structure and landscape pattern change on ecosystem service values.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(4):1286-1296.]
[14]蒋晶,田光进.1988年至2005年北京生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应.资源科学,2010,32(7):1407-1416.[JI-ANG J,TIAN G J.Responses of ecosystem service value to land use change in Beijing from 1998 to 2005.Resources Science,2010,32(7):1407-1416.]
[15]荣益,李超,许策,等.城镇化过程中生态系统服务价值变化及人类活动影响的空间分异:以黄骅市为例.生态学杂志,2017,36(5):1374-1381.[RONG Y,LI C,XU C,et al.Ecosystem service values and spatial differentiation changes during urbanization:A case study of Huanghua city.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,36(5):1374-1381.]
[16]陈彧.湖北省土地生态服务价值时空分异及驱动因素研究.武汉:中国地质大学,2015.[CHEN Y.Study on spatialtemporal differentiation of land ecosystem service value and the driving factors in Hubei province.Wuhan:China University of Geosciences,2015.]
[17]李露然.基于格网GIS的生态系统服务价值时空变化研究.上海:上海师范大学,2015.[LI L R.The research of ecosystem service value temporal and spatial change based on Grid GIS Method:A case study in Jiuzhaigou Natural Reserve.Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University,2015.]
[18]唐秀美,刘玉,刘新卫,等.基于格网尺度的区域生态系统服务价值估算与分析.农业机械学报,2017,48(4):149-153,205.[TANG X M,LIU Y,LIU X W,et al.Estimation and analysis of ecosystem service value based on grid scale.Transactions of the CSAM,2017,48(4):149-153,205.]
[19]李建春,袁文华.基于GIS格网模型的银川市土地生态安全评价研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(6):988-1001.[LI JC,YUAN W H.Assessment of urban land ecological security in Yinchuan city based on the grid method.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(6):988-1001.]
[20]马骏,马朋,李昌晓,等.基于土地利用的三峡库区(重庆段)生态系统服务价值时空变化.林业科学,2014,50(5):17-26.[MA J,MA P,LI C X,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of ecosystem service value in the Three Gorges Reservoir region(Chongqing Section)based on land use.Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2014,50(5):17-26.]
[21]刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局.地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.[LIU J Y,KUANG W H,ZHANG Z X,et al.Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.]
[22]国家发展和改革委员会价格司.全国农产品成本收益汇编(1991-2016).北京:中国统计出版社,1991-2016.[The Price Department of the State Development and Reform Commission of China.National Agricultural Products Cost Return Assembly.Beijing:China Statistics Press,1991-2016.]
[23]韩东薇.基于GIS的富裕县土地生态系统服务价值研究.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2016.[HAN D W.Study on the service value of land ecosystems in Fuyu county based on GIS.Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2016.]
[24]马晓熠,裴韬.基于探索性空间数据分析方法的北京市区域经济差异.地理科学进展,2010,29(12):1555-1561.[MA X Y,PEI T.Exploratory spatial data analysis of regional economic disparities in Beijing during 2001-2007.Progress in Geography,2010,29(12):1555-1561.]
[25]蒲英霞,葛莹,马荣华,等.基于ESDA的区域经济空间差异分析:以江苏省为例.地理研究,2005,24(6):965-974.[PU Y X,GE Y,MA R H,et al.Analyzing regional economic disparities based on ESDA.Geographical Research,2005,24(6):965-974.]
[26]ANSELIN L.Local Indicators of spatial association:LISA.Geographical Analysis,1995,27(2):93-115.