In malaria clinics located along the northwestern border of Thailand, we measured six hourly parasite counts in patients with uncomplicated hyperparasitaemic falciparum malaria (鈮?%infected red blood cells) who had been given various oral artesunate-containing regimens since 2001. Parasite clearance half-lives were estimated and parasites were genotyped for 93 single nucleotide polymorphisms.
3202 patients were studied between 2001 and 2010. Parasite clearance half-lives lengthened from a geometric mean of 2路6 h (95%CI 2路5-2路7) in 2001, to 3路7 h (3路6-3路8) in 2010, compared with a mean of 5路5 h (5路2-5路9) in 119 patients in western Cambodia measured between 2007 and 2010. The proportion of slow-clearing infections (half-life 鈮?路2 h) increased from 0路6%in 2001, to 20%in 2010, compared with 42%in western Cambodia between 2007 and 2010. Of 1583 infections genotyped, 148 multilocus parasite genotypes were identified, each of which infected between two and 13 patients. The proportion of variation in parasite clearance attributable to parasite genetics increased from 30%between 2001 and 2004, to 66%between 2007 and 2010.
Genetically determined artemisinin resistance in P falciparum emerged along the Thailand-Myanmar border at least 8 years ago and has since increased substantially. At this rate of increase, resistance will reach rates reported in western Cambodia in 2-6 years.
The Wellcome Trust and National Institutes of Health.