Species sensitivity distribution approach to primary risk analysis of the metal pyrithione photodegradation product, 2,2鈥?dipyridyldisulfide in the Inland Sea and induction of notochord undulation in fish embryos

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• 作者：Kazuhiko Mochida^a ; ^{kmochida@fra.affrc.go.jp} ; Haruna Amano^a ; Katsutoshi Ito^a ; Mana Ito^a ; Toshimitsu Onduka^a ; Hideki Ichihashi^a ; Akira Kakuno^a ; Hiroya Harino^b ; Kazunori Fujii^a
• 关键词：Antifouling biocide ; Bayesian inference ; Hazardous concentration ; Lysyl oxidase ; Notochord undulation
• 刊名：Aquatic Toxicology
• 出版年：2012
• 期刊代码：19_0166445x
• 类别：abs
• 出版时间：15 August, 2012
• 卷：118-119
• 期：Complete
• 页码：152-163
• 文件大小：1088 K

摘要

To carry out a primary risk assessment in the Inland Sea of Japan for 2,2鈥?dipyridyldisulfide [(PS)₂], a metal pyrithione photodegradation product, we used a methodology based on the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) estimated with a Bayesian statistical model. We first conducted growth inhibition tests with three marine phytoplankton species, Tetraselmis tetrathele, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Dunaliella tertiolecta. We also performed acute and early life stage toxicity (ELS) tests with a teleost fish, the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). The algal growth inhibition tests revealed that the 72-h EC₅₀ ranged from 62 to 1100 渭g/L. Acute toxicity tests with larval mummichogs revealed that the 96-h LC₅₀ was approximately 500 渭g/L based on the actual toxicant concentrations. ELS testing of (PS)₂ under continuous flow-through conditions for 50 days revealed that growth was the most sensitive endpoint, and both total length and body weight were significantly lower in the groups exposed to 27 渭g/L (PS)₂ compared to the solvent control group. We determined a lowest observed effect concentration of 17 渭g/L and a NOEC of 5.9 渭g/L based on the actual toxicant concentrations. By using the ecotoxicity data (LC₅₀ and EC₅₀) from this study and previous work, we calculated a hazardous concentration that should protect 95%and 99%of species (HC₅ and HC₁) based on the SSD derived with a Bayesian statistical model. The medians with 90%confidence intervals (parentheses) of the HC₅ and HC₁ were 31.0 (3.2, 101.8) 渭g/L and 10.1 (0.5, 44.2) 渭g/L, respectively. In the ELS test, about 80%of hatched larvae exposed to 243-渭g/L (PS)₂ displayed a notochord undulation. To elucidate the cause of the notochord undulation, we carried out embryo toxicity tests by exposing embryos at various developmental stages to (PS)₂. Exposure to (PS)₂ through the entire gastrulae stage was important to induction of the morphological abnormality. Lysyl oxidase activity was significantly decreased in these embryos compared to the control group, a suggestion that lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen fiber organization, which is essential for notochord formation, is disrupted because of (PS)₂ toxicity_. We also investigated the occurrence of (PS)₂ in water from several coastal sites of the Inland Sea and detected (PS)₂ at concentrations of <0.1-0.4 ng/L. Comparison of environmental concentrations to the HC values suggests that the current ecological risk posed by (PS)₂ in the Inland Sea is low. This is the first report of the detection of a metal pyrithione degradation product in the natural marine environment.