Polymerization of Naturally Renewable Methylene Butyrolactones by Half-Sandwich Indenyl Rare Earth Metal Dialkyls with Exceptional Activity

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• 作者：Yangjian Hu ; Xin Xu ; Yuetao Zhang ; Yaofeng Chen ; Eugene Y.-X. Chen
• 刊名：Macromolecules
• 出版年：2010
• 出版时间：November 23, 2010
• 年：2010
• 卷：43
• 期：22
• 页码：9328-9336
• 全文大小：889K
• 年卷期：v.43,no.22(November 23, 2010)
• ISSN：1520-5835

文摘

Four discrete half-sandwich dialkyl rare earth metal (REM) complexes incorporating a disilylated indenyl ligand, (1,3-(SiMe₃)₂C₉H₅)M(CH₂SiMe₃)₂(THF) (M = Sc, Y, Dy, Lu), have been investigated for the coordination−addition polymerization of naturally renewable methylene butyrolactones, α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MBL) and γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (MMBL). Initial screening for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate highlighted several differences in catalytic behavior between these half-sandwich REM catalysts and well-studied sandwich REM catalysts in terms of reactivity trend, polymer tacticity, and solvent dependence. Most significantly, all four catalysts herein exhibit exceptional activity for polymerization of MMBL in DMF, achieving quantitative monomer conversion in <1 min with a 0.20 mol % catalyst loading and giving a high turnover frequency of >30000 h⁻¹. Slower polymerizations occur in CH₂Cl₂, allowing for establishment of the activity trend within this REM series, which follows: Dy (largest ion) ≥ Y > Lu > Sc (smallest ion). The most active and effective Dy catalyst has been examined in detail, demonstrating its ability to control the polymerization for producing PMMBL with high T_g (221 °C) and with molecular weight ranging from a medium M_n of 1.89 × 10⁴ Da to a high M_n of 1.63 × 10⁵ Da, programmed by the [MMBL]/[Dy] ratio. Kinetic experiments have revealed a first-order dependence on [monomer] and a second-order dependence on [REM]. These kinetic results, coupled to catalyst efficiencies, NMR studies, as well as with chain-end group analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, have yielded a chain initiation mechanism that involves both alkyl groups on each metal center and a bimolecular chain propagation that involves two metal centers in the rate-limiting C−C bond forming step. The Dy catalyst response to enolizable organo acids, externally added as chain-transfer agents, has also been examined.