Czech air quality monitoring and receptor modeling study
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文摘
Air pollution measurements in the Czech Republic from 1992 through to the present provided data on ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, fine and coarse particle mass, elemental composition, and aerosol acidity. Measurements were made at indoor and outdoor sites with EPA equipment. Additionally, measurements of CO, SO2, NOx, and PM-10 mass were made by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. The primary monitoring sites were located in Teplice in northwestern Bohemia and Prachatice in southern Bohemia. Emissions from power plants, residential space heating, local factories and motor vehicles were characterized. Fine particulate matter was composed mainly of organic carbon and sulfate and had smaller amounts of trace metals. The ambient monitoring and source characterization data were then used in receptor modeling calculations, which indicated that home heating and power plant emission were responsible for up to 80 % of fine particle mass concentrations observed during winter inversion episodes. Sample data obtained from mobile source and incinerator emissions and from windblown dust indicated that these sources contributed to the balance of the inhalable particles. PM-10 mass and SO2 concentrations measured at the main monitoring site in Teplice during the winter of 1993 were compared to smoke and SO2 concentrations measured during the London smog episode of 5-9 December 1952. The peak concentrations of SO2 and smoke (a measure of inhalable particulate matter) in London during that period were about 1800 μg m−3, respectively. That pollution episode was thought to have contributed to a substantial increase in mortality. During the Teplice 1993 winter pollution episode (29 January to 6 February), sulfur dioxide and PM-10 mass reached concentrations of 800 and 1100 μg m−3, respectively. The meteorological conditions were typical of strong inversions: low wind speed (< 0.5 m s−1), cold temperature (2-5°C), and poor visibility (< 100 m). The measurements made in Teplice were used to assess the impact of air pollution on health effects and to assist in the design of an epidemiological study for the region. In addition, receptor modeling results derived from these studies are being used by the Czech government to assist in prioritizing emission control strategies. Inter comparisons between methods used to obtain aerosol mass and SO2 concentrations provided valuable information on the operation of noncontinuous gas and aerosol sampling equipment being used by the Czech Institutes of Hygiene and the Environment.