摘要
俄罗斯对自然资源和生态环境实行"相对集中与分类、分级、分部门管理相结合"的体制。土地管理由"经济发展部"负责,能源管理由"能源部"负责,其他如矿产资源、水资源、林业资源、海洋资源的管理及生态环境保护的职能绝大部分都集中于"自然资源与生态部"一个部门。在管理机构上,俄罗斯建立了由联邦部、联邦局、联邦署组成的三位一体的权力执行体系;在产权制度上,俄罗斯设计了自然资源的国家所有权、地方所有权、私人所有权、其他所有权四种形式。"自然资源与生态部"全面推行了权力清单制度,依照国家的法律法规和部门章程对俄联邦的自然资源与生态环境实行一体化的综合管理。我国与俄罗斯同处于转型发展的进程中,两国自然资源管理体制既有共性也各有特殊性。俄罗斯的这些转型经验对我国的相关改革具有启示和借鉴意义。
The system of natural resources and ecological environment management carrying out in Russia combines relative concentrated, classified, hierarchical and sectoral management. The Ministry of Economic Development is in charge of land management, the Ministry of Energy is responsible for energy management. Other duties such as management of mineral resources, water resources, forestry resources, marine resources and ecological environment protection are mostly concentrated in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology. Russia established a trinity of power execution system among regulatory agencies, consisting of the Federal Department, the Federal Bureau and the Federal Agency. In the property right system, Russia set up four forms of ownership of the natural resources covering national, local, private and other forms. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology implements power inventory system and managing natural resources and ecological environment of the Russian Federation integrated and comprehensive according to the national laws and regulations. China and Russia are both in a transition period of development, and there are some commonalities of the natural resources management system in both countries besides respective particularities. These experiences of transition in Russian have some enlightenments and worth to learn in reforms of the respective areas in China