云南个旧锡多金属矿区尾矿元素地球化学特征
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摘要
云南省个旧地区锡多金属矿以锡矿资源闻名于世界,自20世纪50年代以来,经历大规模矿产开发,目前共有尾矿库31座,积存尾矿超过1.9亿t。面对数量如此巨大的潜在资源与污染源,查明尾矿中元素的含量、分布特征及其控制因素显得尤为重要。本文针对个旧地区尾矿类型复杂、成矿及共伴生元素多样等特点,以"面上控制、重点剖析"的原则,采用概查和详查两种调查方法,对矿区内的尾矿库进行了系统的地球化学调查,完成了19个尾矿库的概查和2个尾矿库的详查工作,取得了如下认识:(1)个旧矿区不同尾矿库间的物质成分和元素含量差别较大。同一尾矿库中元素分布也不均匀,在横向上和垂向上均有分异性;(2)入选矿石类型、排砂过程中的重力分选作用和选矿工艺的差异是影响尾矿库中元素分布的主要因素;(3)总结和梳理了一套尾矿地球化学调查方法技术;(4)个旧矿区尾矿中成矿与伴生元素Sn、Cu、Fe、Pb、Zn、In、Ga、As等元素含量普遍较高,具有巨大潜在利用价值,同时As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn等元素对周边环境存在较大风险,值得重视。
The Gejiu mining area of Yunnan Province is world-famous for tin resources.In total,there are 31 tailing dams in the study area,and the amount of tailings exceeds 190 million tons which could be either further resources or a hazard of contamination.Therefore,it is evidently critical to thoroughly investigate the concentrations and distribution of elements in the tailings and the related controlling factors.In this paper,both geochemical reconnaissance and detailed geochemical survey of tailings were conducted.Totally the work of reconnaissance for 19 tailing dams and the detailed survey for 2 tailing dams were accomplished.The following conclusions have been reached:(1) The material compositions and element concentrations differed significantly between different tailing dams in Gejiu.The distribution of elements in the tailing dams shows anisotropy vertically and horizontally;(2)Types of ores,gravitational segregation and beneficiation have great influence on the distribution of elements in the tailing dams;(3)A suite of methods and techniques for geochemical survey of tailings has been established.(4) The concentrations of Sn,Cu,Fe,Pb,Zn,In,Ga,As and Cd in tailings are high,which implies that more attention should be paid to the great potential value and environmental risks of tailing dams in Gejiu.
The Gejiu mining area of Yunnan Province is world-famous for tin resources.In total,there are 31 tailing dams in the study area,and the amount of tailings exceeds 190 million tons which could be either further resources or a hazard of contamination.Therefore,it is evidently critical to thoroughly investigate the concentrations and distribution of elements in the tailings and the related controlling factors.In this paper,both geochemical reconnaissance and detailed geochemical survey of tailings were conducted.Totally the work of reconnaissance for 19 tailing dams and the detailed survey for 2 tailing dams were accomplished.The following conclusions have been reached:(1) The material compositions and element concentrations differed significantly between different tailing dams in Gejiu.The distribution of elements in the tailing dams shows anisotropy vertically and horizontally;(2)Types of ores,gravitational segregation and beneficiation have great influence on the distribution of elements in the tailing dams;(3)A suite of methods and techniques for geochemical survey of tailings has been established.(4) The concentrations of Sn,Cu,Fe,Pb,Zn,In,Ga,As and Cd in tailings are high,which implies that more attention should be paid to the great potential value and environmental risks of tailing dams in Gejiu.
引文
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[28]张娟,毛景文,程彦博,等.云南个旧卡房蚀变玄武岩金云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar同位索年龄研究及意义[J].中国地质,2012,39(6):1647-1656.Zhang Juan,Mao Jingwen,Cheng Yanbo,et al."Ar-"Ar isotopic age study of phlogopite from Kafang altered basalt in Gejiu of Yunnan Province and its significance[J].Geology in China,2012,39(6):1647-1656(in Chinese with English abstract).
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[2]Antonijevic M M,Dimitrijevic M D,Stevanovic Z O,et al.Investigation of the possibility of copper recovery from the flotation tailings by acid leaching[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,158:23-34.
[3]Bemier L R.The potential use of serpentinite in the passive treatment of acid mine drainage:batch experiments[J].Environmental Geology,2005,47,670-684.
[4]王玲,刘玉强,鲁安怀,等.金川镍矿尾矿砂矿物组成特征与酸溶特征研究[J].地学前缘,2013,20(3):138-146.Wang ling,Liu Yuqiang,Lu Anhuai,et al.The characteristics of mineralogy and acid dissolution of Jinchuan nickel tailings[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2013,20(3):138-146(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]杜高翔,王柏昆.利用菱镁矿尾矿制备纳米级片状氢氧化镁[J].地学前缘,2008,15(4):142-145.Du Gaoxiang,Wang Baikun.The preparation of plate shape nano Mg(OH)_2 powder from magnesite tailing[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(4):142-145(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]Li C,Sun H H,Bai J,et al.Innovative methodology for comprehensive utilization of iron ore tailings Part 1.The recovery of iron from iron ore tailings using magnetic separation after magnetizing roasting[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,174:71-77.
[7]Rico M,Benito G,Diez-Herrero A.Floods from tailings dam failures[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154:79-87.
[8]Rico M,Benito G,Salgueiro A,et al.Reported tailings dam failures:A review of the European incidents in the worldwide context[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,152:846-852.
[9]Sirkeci A A,Gul A,Bulut G,et al.Recovery of Co,Ni,and Cu from the tailings of Divrigi Iron Ore Concentrator,Miner[J].Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review,2006,27:131-141.
[10]Yang Y,Sun W,Li S F.Tailings Dam Stability Analysis of the Process of Recovery[J].Procedia Engineering,2011,26:1782-1787.
[11]Narhi P,Raisanen M L,Sutinen M L,et al.Effect of tailings on wetland vegetation in Rautuvaara,a former iron-copper mining area in northern Finland[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,116-117:60-65.
[12]Oyarzun J,Castillo D,Maturana H,et al.Abandoned tailings deposits,acid drainage and alluvial sediments geochemistry,in the arid Elqui River Basin,North-Central Chile[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,115:47-58.
[13]Parviainen A,Isosaari P,Loukola-Ruskeeniemi K.Occurrence and mobility of As in the Ylojarvi Cu-W-As mine tailings[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,114:36-45.
[14]Kabas S,Faz A,Acosta J A,et al.Effect of marble waste and pig slurry on the growth of native vegetation and heavy metal mobility in a mine tailing pond[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,123:69-76.
[15]Plante B Bussiere B,Benzaazoua M,et al.Static tests response on5 Canadian hard rock mine tailings with low net acid-generating potentials[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,114:57-69.
[16]Kim K R,Lee B T,Kim K W.Arsenic stabilization in mine tailings using nano-sized magnetite and zero valent iron with the enhancement of mobility by surface coating[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,113:124-129.
[17]Martinez-Martinez S,Acosta J A,Cano A F,et al.Assessment of the lead and zinc contents in natural soils and tailing ponds from the Cartagena-La Union mining district,SE Spain[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2013,124:166-175.
[18]Pan H J,Zhou G H,Cheng Z Z,et al.Advances in geochemical survey of mine tailings project in China[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2014,139:193-200.
[19]潘含江,程志中,杨榕,等.德兴铜矿尾矿地球化学特征[J].物探与化探,2013,37(4):627-632.Pan Hanjiang,Cheng Zhizhong,Yang Rong,et al.Geochemical characteristics of tailings from the Dexing copper mine[J].Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration,2013,37(4):627-632(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]潘含江,杨榕,贺灵,等.全国尾矿地球化学调查项目进展[J].高校地质学报,2013,19(增刊):317.Pan Hanjiang,Yang Rong,He Ling,et al.National geochemical survey of mine tailings project advances[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2013,19(supp.):317(in Chinese).
[21]张学君,孙彬彬,程志中,等.全国尾矿地球化学调查:需求及工作思路[J].物探与化探,2011,35(6):715-726.Zhang Xuejun,Sun Binbin,Cheng Zhizhong,et al.National geochemical survey of mine tailings:demands and ideas[J].Geophysical&Geochemical Exploration,2011,35(6):715-726(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]贺灵,曾道明,周国华,等.甘肃白银市大气颗粒物PM 2.5的地球化学特征研究[J].地球与环境,2013,41(3):258-265.He Ling,Zeng Daoming,Zhou Guohua,et al.Geochemical characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter from Baiyin City,Gansu Province[J].Earth and Environment,2013,41(3):258-265(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]商云涛,程志中,潘含江,等.红旗岭镍矿区水环境质量评价[J].北方环境,2011,23(9):216-218.Shang Yuntao,Cheng Zhizhong,Pan Hanjiang,et al.Red flag ridge nickel mining area of the water environmental quality evaluation[J].Northern Environment,2011,23(9):216-218(in Chinese with English abstract).
[24]杨榕,吴昊澜,程志中,等.吉林红旗岭镍矿区尾矿地球化学特征研究[J].矿产与地质,2011,25(6):499-503,528.Yang Rong,Wu Haolan,Cheng Zhizhong et al.Geochemical characteristics of tailings in the Hongqiling nickel mine[J].Mineral Resources and Geology,2011,25(6):499-503,528(in Chinese with English abstract).
[25]甘凤伟.个旧多金属矿区尾矿物质成分与污染传输研究[D].北京:中国地质大学,2009:1-119.Gan Fengwei.Research on Material Composition and Contamination Transmission of Tailings[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2009:1-119(in Chinese with English abstract).
[26]毛景文,周振华,丰成友,等.初论中国三叠纪大规模成矿作用及其动力学背景[J].中国地质,2012,39(6):1437-1471.Mao Jingwen,Zhou Zhenhua,Feng Chengyou,et al.A preliminary study of the Triassic large-scale mineralization in China and its geodynamie setting[J].Geology in China,2012,39(6):1437-1471(in Chinese with English abstract).
[27]张海,方维萱,张贵山,等.云南个旧卡房中三叠世安尼期变火山岩相序恢复及成矿分析[J].中国地质,2009,36(6):1322-1330.Zhang Hai,Fang Weixuan,Zhang Guishan,et al.Facies sequence reestablishment and metallogenic analysis of Middle Triassic Anisian meta-volcanic rocks in the Kafang ore district,Gejiu,Yunnan[J].Geology in China,2009,36(6):1322-1330(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]张娟,毛景文,程彦博,等.云南个旧卡房蚀变玄武岩金云母~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar同位索年龄研究及意义[J].中国地质,2012,39(6):1647-1656.Zhang Juan,Mao Jingwen,Cheng Yanbo,et al."Ar-"Ar isotopic age study of phlogopite from Kafang altered basalt in Gejiu of Yunnan Province and its significance[J].Geology in China,2012,39(6):1647-1656(in Chinese with English abstract).
[29]李宝龙,毛景文,莫国培,等.云南个旧锡多金属矿区矿田构造实测与分析[J].中国地质,2012,39(6):1657-1669.Li Baolong,Mao Jingwen,Mo Guopei,et al.An analysis and measurement of joints developed in typical orefields of the Gejiu tin-copper polymetallic ore concentration area,Yunnan Province[J].Geology in China,2012,39(6):1657-1669(in Chinese with English abstract).
[30]李正辉.卡房锡石多金属硫化矿选矿厂设计与生产实践[J].有色冶金设计与研究,1997,18(2):8-12.Li Zhenghui.Concentrator design and production practices of tinpolymetallic sulphide ore in Kafang[J].Nonferrous Metals Engineering&Research,1997,18(2):8-12(in Chinese).
[31]杨兴.云锡公司大屯选场简介[J].云南冶金,1986,4:62-63.Yang Xing.Brief introduction of Datun concentrator of Yunnan Tin Corporation[J].Yunnan Metallurgy,1986,4:62-63(in Chinese).
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