It is an inevitable trend for oil and gas industry to transform exploration and development domain from conventional hydrocarbon accumulations to unconventional hydrocarbon ones, which are obviously different in types, geological features and genesis. This paper systematically analyzed geological characteristics and exploration potential of tight hydrocarbons in some typical basins of China. In terms of the rapid development of globe petroleum industry and nano-technology, a concept of nano-hydrocarbons is proposed in this paper that indicates that “nano-hydrocarbon” is the development direction of oil and gas industry in the future.