This paper describes the development history and development trend of microbial prospecting of oil and gas (MPOG) and systematically discusses the theoretical bases of MPOG. The principle of MPOG is depicted. The practical operation programs are expounded. The applied effects of MPOG are also given in Songfangtun area in the paper. It analyzes the agreement degree between abnormal place of microbian and geologic structural location and well location to determine the coincidence rate between microbiological anomaly and existing achievement of exploration and development. The paper dissects the correlations between the microbiological anomaly on the critical reservoir profiles in the most favorable prospecting area and potential underlying petroliferous geological structures. The microbiological anomaly and exploration prospect are evaluated in the area, which puts forward the relevant well location designs.